Libretto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A libretto is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or musical. The term libretto is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as the Mass, requiem and sacred cantata, or the story line of a ballet. Libretto (pronounced [li. Л€bretto]; plural libretti[li. Л€bretti]), from Italian, is the diminutive of the word libro ("book"). Sometimes other language equivalents are used for libretti in that language, livret for French works and Textbuch for German. A libretto is distinct from a synopsis or scenario of the plot, in that the libretto contains all the words and stage directions, while a synopsis summarizes the plot. Some ballet historians also use the word libretto to refer to the 1. Clue: 'Cats' libretto author 'Cats' libretto author is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. There are related clues (shown below). Jellicle cats come out tonight Jellicle cats come one, come all The Jellicle moon is shining bright Jellicles come to the Jellicle Ball 12. GRIZABELLA. Paris and contained a very detailed description of the ballet's story, scene by scene.[1]The relationship of the librettist (that is, the writer of a libretto) to the composer in the creation of a musical work has varied over the centuries, as have the sources and the writing techniques employed. In the context of a modern English language musical theatre piece, the libretto is often referred to as the book of the work, though this usage typically excludes sung lyrics. Show synopsis, song list and production information for one of the world's longest running shows, Cats the Musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber. A libretto is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or musical. The term libretto is also. CATS song lyrics: The Libretto of CATS (Complete, including material cut from the American Production) Act One: 'When Cats are Maddened by the Midnight Dance'. Relationship of composer and librettist[edit]Libretti for operas, oratorios and cantatas in the 1. Metastasio (1. 69. Pietro Trapassi) was one of the most highly regarded librettists in Europe. His libretti were set many times by many different composers. Another noted 1. 8th- century librettist was Lorenzo da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozart's greatest operas, as well as for many other composers. Eug. ГЁne Scribe was one of the most prolific librettists of the 1. Meyerbeer (with whom he had a lasting collaboration), Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. The French writers' duo Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Hal. Г©vy wrote a large number of opera and operetta libretti for the likes of Jacques Offenbach, Jules Massenet and Georges Bizet. Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, also composed two operas of his own. The libretto is not always written before the music. Some composers, such as Mikhail Glinka, Alexander Serov, Rimsky- Korsakov, Puccini and Mascagni wrote passages of music without text and subsequently had the librettist add words to the vocal melody lines. This has often been the case with American popular song and musicals in the 2. Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart's collaboration, although with the later team of Rodgers and Hammerstein the lyrics were generally written first.)Some composers wrote their own libretti. Richard Wagner is perhaps most famous in this regard, with his transformations of Germanic legends and events into epic subjects for his operas and music dramas. Hector Berlioz, too, wrote the libretti for two of his best- known works, La Damnation de Faust and Les Troyens. Alban Berg adapted Georg BГјchner's play Woyzeck for the libretto of Wozzeck. Pages from an 1. 85. Ernani, with the original Italian lyrics, English translation and musical notation for one of the arias. Sometimes the libretto is written in close collaboration with the composer; this can involve adaptation, as was the case with Rimsky- Korsakov and his librettist Bel'sky, or an entirely original work. In the case of musicals, the music, the lyrics and the "book" (i. Thus, a musical such as Fiddler on the Roof has a composer (Jerry Bock), a lyricist (Sheldon Harnick) and the writer of the "book" (Joseph Stein). In rare cases, the composer writes everything except the dance arrangements - music, lyrics and libretto, as Lionel Bart did for Oliver! Other matters in the process of developing a libretto parallel those of spoken dramas for stage or screen. There are the preliminary steps of selecting or suggesting a subject and developing a sketch of the action in the form of a scenario, as well as revisions that might come about when the work is in production, as with out- of- town tryouts for Broadway musicals, or changes made for a specific local audience. A famous case of the latter is Wagner's 1. Dresden version of his opera Tannh. Г¤user for Paris. Literary characteristics[edit]The opera libretto from its inception (ca. Since the late 1. Much of the recitative of George Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess, for instance, is merely Du. Bose and Dorothy Heyward's play Porgy set to music as written - in prose - with the lyrics of the arias, duets, trios and choruses written in verse. The libretto of a musical, on the other hand, is almost always written in prose (except for the song lyrics). The libretto of a musical, if the musical is adapted from a play (or even a novel), may even borrow their source's original dialogue liberally - much as Oklahoma! Lynn Riggs's Green Grow the Lilacs, Carousel used dialogue from Ferenc Moln. ГЎr's Liliom, My Fair Lady took most of its dialogue word- for- word from George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, Man of La Mancha was adapted from the 1. I, Don Quixote, which supplied most of the dialogue, and the 1. Peter Pan used J. M. Barrie's dialogue. Even the musical Show Boat, which is greatly different from the Edna Ferber novel from which it was adapted, uses some of Ferber's original dialogue, notably during the miscegenation scene. And Lionel Bart's Oliver! Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist, although it bills itself as a "free adaptation" of the novel. Language and translation[edit]Henry Purcell (1. English libretti. As the originating language of opera, Italian dominated that genre in Europe (except in France) well through the 1. Russia, for example, when the Italian opera troupe in Saint Petersburg was challenged by the emerging native Russian repertory. Significant exceptions before 1. Purcell's works, German opera of Hamburg during the Baroque, ballad opera and Singspiel of the 1. Just as with literature and song, the libretto has its share of problems and challenges with translation. In the past (and even today), foreign musical stage works with spoken dialogue, especially comedies, were sometimes performed with the sung portions in the original language and the spoken dialogue in the vernacular. The effects of leaving lyrics untranslated depend on the piece. Many musicals, such as the old Betty Grable - Don Ameche - Carmen Miranda vehicles, are largely unaffected, but this practice is especially misleading in translations of musicals like Show Boat, The Wizard of Oz, My Fair Lady or Carousel, in which the lyrics to the songs and the spoken text are often or always closely integrated, and the lyrics serve to further the plot.[citation needed] Availability of printed or projected translations today makes singing in the original language more practical, although one cannot discount the desire to hear a sung drama in one's own language. The Spanish words libretista (playwright, script writer or screen writer) and libreto (script or screen play), which are used in the Hispanic TV and cinema industry, derived their meanings from the original operatic sense. Status of librettists and the libretto[edit]. A poster for La figlia di Iorio where the librettist, Gabriele D'Annunzio, is given top billing. Librettists have historically received less prominent credit than the composer. In some 1. 7th- century operas still being performed, the name of the librettist was not even recorded. As the printing of libretti for sale at performances became more common, these records often survive better than music left in manuscript. But even in late 1. London, reviews rarely mentioned the name of the librettist, as Lorenzo da Ponte lamented in his memoirs. By the 2. 0th century some librettists became recognised as part of famous collaborations, as with Gilbert and Sullivan or Rodgers and Hammerstein. Today the composer (past or present) of the musical score to an opera or operetta is usually given top billing for the completed work, and the writer of the lyrics relegated to second place or a mere footnote, a notable exception being Gertrude Stein, who received top billing for Four Saints in Three Acts. Another exception was Alberto Franchetti's 1. La figlia di Iorio which was a close rendering of a highly successful play by its librettist, Gabriele D'Annunzio, a celebrated Italian poet, novelist and dramatist of the day. In some cases, the operatic adaptation has become more famous than the literary text on which it was based, as with Claude Debussy's Pell. Г©as et MГ©lisande after a play by Maurice Maeterlinck. On the other hand, the affiliation of a poor libretto to great music has sometimes given the libretto's author a kind of accidental immortality. Certainly it is common for works of classical music to be admired in spite of, rather than because of, their libretti. An example is Mozart's inept librettist Varesco. The question of which is more important in opera — the music or the words — has been debated over time, and forms the basis of at least two operas, Richard Strauss's Capriccio and Antonio Salieri's Prima la musica, poi le parole. Publication of libretti[edit]Libretti have been made available in several formats, some more nearly complete than others. The text — i. e., the spoken dialogue, song lyrics and stage directions, as applicable — is commonly published separately from the music (such a booklet is usually included with sound recordings of most operas). Sometimes (particularly for operas in the public domain) this format is supplemented with melodic excerpts of musical notation for important numbers. Printed scores for operas naturally contain the entire libretto, although there can exist significant differences between the score and the separately printed text. More often than not, this involves the extra repetition of words or phrases from the libretto in the actual score. For example, in the aria 'Nessun dorma' from Puccini's Turandot, the final lines in the libretto are "Tramontate, stelle! All'alba, vincer. ГІ!" (Fade, you stars! At dawn, I will win!). However, in the score they are sung as "Tramontate, stelle! Tramontate, stelle! All'alba, vincer. ГІ! Vincer. ГІ! Vincer. ГІ!"Because the modern musical tends to be published in two separate but intersecting formats (i. See also[edit]References[edit]Notes^See, for example Smith (2. Sources. Kennedy, Michael (2. The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 9. ISBN 0- 1. 9- 8. 61. Neville, Don (1. 99. Frontier Research in Opera and Multimedia Preservation: a Project Involving the Documentation and Full Text Retrieval of the Libretti of Pietro Metastasio. London: Faculty of Music, University of Western Ontario. Without ISBNMac. Nutt, Richard (1. Libretto' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) ISBN 0- 3. Neville, Don (1. 99. Frontier Research in Opera and Multimedia Preservation: a Project Involving the Documentation and Full Text Retrieval of the Libretti of Pietro Metastasio. London: Faculty of Music, University of Western Ontario. Without ISBNSmith, Marian Elizabeth (2. Ballet and Opera in the Age of Giselle. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0- 6. 91- 0. Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1. The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 7. ISBN 0- 1. 9- 8. 69. Further reading[edit]Smith, Patrick J. The Tenth Muse: a Historical Study of the Opera Libretto. First ed. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1. 97. 0. Without ISBN or SBNPortinari, Folco (1. Pari siamo! Io la lingua, egli ha il pugnale. Storia del melodramma ottocentesco attraverso i suoi libretti. Torino: E. D. T. Edizioni. ISBN 8. 8- 7. 06. X. External links[edit]. Cats Libretto PDF - Free Ebook Downloadwww. Libretto for Cats Libretto for Starlight Express Two man show with peter Skellern Libretto for Phantom of the Opera presents Schools prom for the first time. Source: www. youthmusic. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ]and setting them in place among their contemporaries in .. Quartet of the Defeated (No. Cats .. Source: www. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ]Non Circulating Scores Librettos. Oct 1. 0 2. 01. 2 Barnum. Piano/Conductor Score. Bat Boy. Script. Big River. Libretto .. Script. Score. Cats. Score. Chicago. Score. Children Of Eden. Script. Source: www. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ]Die Darstellung des Katers Macavity Kid. SKaters Macavity. Grundlage für die Darstellung des Katers “Macavity“ im Musical. CATS ist der Book Of Practical Cats“ von T. S. Eliot als Libretto verwendet hat. Source: kids. alp. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ]black cats berlin broadway beyond years ago from New Yorkthe historical research to other items such as the formatted libretto. Black Cats. Source: etd. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ]INGLESE ILIBRETTO DI LETTURA. PIMSLEUR. SIMON & . Le lezioni di lettura fornite nel. We have six cats. My cat sat in my hat. Source: assetlibrary. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ][PRIVATE PEACEFUL RESOURCE PACK] - Loughborough Town Hall. Introduction Welcome to the Private Peaceful Resource Pack. I hope you find it informative and useful. As you can see, the pack has been broken down into sections .. Source: www. loughboroughtownhall. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ]Locandina 1. RETRO ristampa OTTOBREVincenzo Salemme Sogni e bisogni, incubi e risvegli di Vincenzo Salemme dal 7 al 9 GENNAIO Il nuovo spettacolo scritto, diretto ed interpretato dal comico napoletano. Source: politeamagenovese. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ]A Charlie Brown Christmas - Joel's Place. A Charlie Brown Christmas By Charles M. Schulz Narrator: It was finally Christmastime, the best time of the year. The houses were strung with tiny colored lights, their. Source: www. wellspringrevivalministries. Read more ]. [ Donwload pdf ].
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JOFFRE1 (T2 avec 1 chambre s. Г©par. Г©e) en location meubl. Г©e courte dur. Г©e Г Pau, Quartier…Voir toutes les locations saisonni. ГЁres proche de Lescar Sorties et loisirs. Restaurants. Quick Restaurant Laumarest Entreprise ind. Г©pendante. Ouvert 7j/7 - Aires de jeux - Service Drive - WIFI gratuit. RESTAURANT KFCSur place - A emporter - Drive - Wifi - Aire de jeux - Boissons Г volont. Г© - Organisation f. ГЄte d'anniversaire pour …Caf. Г© Madeleine. Nous avons le plaisir de vous accueillir dans notre brasserie classique avec un cadre contemporain. Nous vous invitons…Caf. Г© Racer Diner. Nous vous proposons un voyage au c. Е“ur des Etats- Unis des ann. Г©es 5. 0, lors d'un repas 1. US Г base de produits frais. La Pataterie Epagny Restauration Franchis. Г© ind. Г©pendant. Notre restaurant vous invite Г venir d. Г©guster des sp. Г©cialit. Г©s Г base de pommes de terre. Nous vous pr. Г©parons de…Voir tous les restaurants de Lescar Activit. Г©s et loisirs. Offices de tourisme Г Lescar : Voici une liste non exhaustive d'activit. Г©s et de loisirs pr. Г©sents sur Lescar. Vie Г©conomique. Offres d'emplois Г Lescar et ses environs. Conducteur pl (h/f)L'agence Adecco de Bill. ГЁre recherche des conducteur benne et polybenne (h/f) pour des missions Г pourvoir sur…Concepteur vendeur h/fcuisinella- emploi. Vous ne connaissez pas encore ce site ? Connectez- vous pour d. Г©couvrir une enseigne, un univers et…Manager commerce (h/f) pau. Nous recherchons un Manager Commerce exp. Г©riment. Г© pour le magasin de Pau (6. Les missions confi. Г©es sont les suivantes…Vendeur en informatique mutim. Г©dia (h/f)Vendeur en informatique H/FTechnicien paie h/f. Rattach. Г© au responsable paie, vous aurez en charge environ 4. Ing. Г©nieur soutien r. Г©seaux et pfs h/f. Rattach. Г© au groupe Bouygues Energies et services, filiale de Bouygues Construction, Axione est un op. Г©rateur…Voir toutes les offres d'emplois sur Lescar et ses environs. Appellations et labels. Sur le territoire de Lescar, 5 types de produit alimentaire traditionnel issus d'un savoir- faire et d'un terroir sont fabriqu. Г©s. Voici la liste ci- dessous : 9 IGP et 1 AOC sont les labels repr. Г©sent. Г©s sur la commune. Commerces pr. Г©sents. Lescar, en 2. 01. Magasins de v. ГЄtements. Magasins de meubles. Magasins de chaussures. Boulangeries. 7 Quincailleries. Grandes surfaces de bricolage. Magasins d'Г©quipements du foyer. Bijouteries. 5 Fleuristes. Magasins d'optique. Magasins d'articles de sports. Magasins d'Г©lectrom. Г©nager. 3 Supermarch. Г©s. 3 Boucheries. Parfumeries. 2 Poissonneries. Librairies. 2 Magasins de rev. ГЄtements murs et sols. Station- service. Г‰picerie. Entreprises sur Lescar. Voici les principaux secteurs d'activit. Г©s de la commune de Lescar. Voir tous les secteurs d'activit. Г©s pr. Г©sents sur Lescar. Education et enseignement. La commune de Lescar d. Г©pend de l'Acad. Г©mie de Bordeaux (Rectorat de Bordeaux) et les Г©coles primaires de la commune d. Г©pendent de l'Inspection acad. Г©mique des Pyr. Г©n. Г©es- Atlantiques. Pour le calendrier des vacances scolaires, Lescar est en zone A. Sur la commune de Lescar, 1. Г©tablissements scolaires sont ouverts : 8 Г©coles, 2 coll. ГЁges et 1 lyc. Г©e. Voir tous les Г©tablissements scolaires Г Lescar Vie politique. L'Г©quipe administrative. Le maire de Lescar depuis avril 2. Monsieur Christian LAINE pour un mandant de 6 ans (2. Le conseil municipal de Lescar est constitu. Г© d'un maire, 3. Voici la liste de l'Г©quipe municipale ci- dessous class. Г©e par ordre alphab. Г©tique : M. Michel AGUERM. Ch. Г©rif AMROUCHEM. Jean- Michel BALEIXMme Ingrid BARONIOMme Corinne BORDENEUVEMme Marie- Aim. Г©e CAPERAN MORYMme Fran. Г§oise CASTILLONM. Fabien CERESUELAM. Francis CHAUVELIERMme Pascale COMTEMme Isabelle COMTE- PALASSOEM. Philippe COYMme Julie DARRACQMme Th. Г©r. ГЁse DE BOISSEZONMme Marie- Claire FABREMme Fatiha FERCHICHIM. Eric GIBEAUXMme Nathalie GODINHO FERNANDESM. Jo. Г«l GRATACCOSM. Jean- Jacques HABONNEAUM. Christian LAINEMme Dominique LARRIEUM. Fr. Г©d. Г©ric LAVIGNEM. Henry LE CORNOM. Claude MAITROTMme Karine MORCATEMme Val. Г©rie REVEL DA ROCHAMme Chantal ROUTHIERM. Jean- Claude SALLESMme Marion SAUVANIERM. Andr. Г© SEMPEM. Jean- Claude SETIERM. Alain VINTRASRГ©mun. Г©ration des Г©lus de Lescar. Voici les r. Г©mun. Г©rations vers. Г©es aux Г©lus de la commune de Lescar (Ce sont des montants bruts maximum, la commune fixe le montant librement). Nous ne connaissons pas exactement le nombre d'adjoints sur la commune de Lescar, nous appliquons la r. ГЁgle l. Г©gale de 3. Ses valeurs sont donn. Г©es Г titre indicatif. RГ©mun. Г©ration unitaire. RГ©mun. Г©ration totale. Fonction. Nombre. Mensuelle. Annuelle. Mensuelle. Annuelle. Maire. 12 4. 70,9. Adjoint. 91 0. 45,4. Conseiller. 32. 0,0. Total. 42. 3 5. 16,3. Vote et r. Г©sultats d'Г©lections. Pour pouvoir voter Г Lescar, veuillez demander votre carte Г©lectorale, ou carte d'Г©lecteur, et ainsi vous aurez la possibilit. Г© de voter au bureau de vote de Lescar. Petite astuce, la carte d'Г©lecteur n'est pas forc. Г©ment indispensable pour voter. En effet, en cas d'oubli, de perte ou de vol, il suffit de pr. Г©senter un justificatif d'identit. Г© au bureau de vote pour participer au scrutin. Il faut cependant v. Г©rifier au pr. Г©alable que l'on est bien inscrit sur la liste Г©lectorale de sa commune ou de son arrondissement. Ci- dessous, voici la liste des derni. ГЁres Г©lections qui se sont d. Г©roul. Г©es sur la commune : Г‰lections Pr. Г©sidentielles. Г‰lections LГ©gislatives. LГ©gislatives 2. 01. Abs. 3. 9,3. 4 %Europ. Г©ennes 2. 01. 4 Abs. Europ. Г©ennes 2. Abs. 5. 3,3. 8 % +0,7. Europ. Г©ennes 2. Abs. 5. 2,6. 0 %RГ©gionales 2. Abs. 4. 0,0. 9 %RГ©gionales 2. Abs. 5. 0,4. 6 % +1. RГ©gionales 2. 00. Abs. 3. 0,8. 6 %DГ©partementales 2. Abs. 4. 6,6. 2 %Municipales 2. Abs. 2. 7,1. 1 % - 0,3. Municipales 2. 00. Abs. 2. 7,4. 9 % +3,1. Municipales 2. 00. Abs. 2. 4,3. 7 %Anciens maires de Lescar. PГ©riode. Identit. Г©Depuis 2. 00. 8M. Christian LAINEDe 1. Г 2. 00. 8M. Ren. Г© CLAVERIEDu 1 mars 1. BORTIN BOLLEDu 5 mars 1. M. Jean CASTAINGDu 3 d. Г©cembre 1. 84. 1 au 3 d. Г©cembre 1. 84. 1M. Jean CASTAING.. Voir la liste des anciens maires de Lescar Comptes de la commune de Lescar. Tous les comptes publics de la commune de Lescar sont disponibles: Chiffres cl. Г©s, frais de fonctionnement, investissement sur la commune, fiscalit. Г©, autofinancement, endettement de la commune. GГ©ographie. Informations g. Г©ographiques g. Г©n. Г©rales. Commune urbaine fran. Г§aise, Lescar dont l'altitude varie entre un minimum de 1. ГЁtres et un maximum de 2. ГЁtres pour une altitude moyenne de 1. ГЁtres couvre une superficie de 2. ВІ. Lescar est proche du Parc national des Pyr. Г©n. Г©es., la commune dont la mairie se situe Г 1. ГЁtres d'altitude n'accueille aucune r. Г©serve naturelle sur son territoire. Caract. Г©ris. Г©e par un Climat oc. Г©anique avec Г©t. Г© temp. Г©r. Г© (Classification de KГ¶ppen : Cfb), la commune se situe dans le fuseau horaire UTC +1: 0. Europe/Paris). L'heure d'Г©t. Г© correspond Г UTC+2: 0. Г UTC +1: 0. 0. Pour une localisation ais. Г©e de la ville de Lescar, dont le code postal est 6. GPS, vous pouvez utiliser ses coordonn. Г©es g. Г©ographiques qui vous sont propos. Г©es dans les principaux syst. ГЁmes de projection pour r. Г©pondre aux besoins les plus courants. Pour le jeudi 2. 1 janvier 2. Г Lescar, le lever du soleil est Г 0. Г 1. 7h. 58. Les coordonn. Г©es g. Г©ographiques de Lescar en d. Г©cimales sont : 4. В° de latitude et - 0. В° de longitude. Les coordonn. Г©es g. Г©ographiques sexag. Г©simales de Lescar sont : latitude nord 4. В° 1. 9' 5. 7'' et longitude ouest 0. В° 2. 5' 0''. Les coordonn. Г©es cartographiques en projection Lambert 9. Lescar sont : X : 4. Y : 6. 25. 41. 47. Les coordonn. Г©es cartographiques en projection Lambert II Г©tendu de Lescar sont : X : 3. Y : 1. 81. 83. 85. DГ©coupage administratif. Г‰tant admis qu'il peut parfois s'av. Г©rer utile de pouvoir rattacher la commune fran. Г§aise de Lescar aux diff. Г©rents Г©chelons administratifs auxquels elle appartient pour des raisons notamment administratives et Г©lectorales, nous avons r. Г©f. Г©renc. Г© sa r. Г©gion, son d. Г©partement, son arrondissement ainsi que son canton. Pour les intercommunalit. Г©s, merci de consulter la rubrique d. Г©di. Г©e). Situ. Г©e dans la r. Г©gion Aquitaine et plus pr. Г©cis. Г©ment dans le DГ©partement des Pyr. Г©n. Г©es- Atlantiques, la commune de Lescar fait partie de l'Arrondissement de Pau ainsi que, plus localement, du Canton de Lescar, Gave et Terres du Pont- Long. Pour tenter de rendre compte d'une r. Г©alit. Г© complexe qu'il est parfois difficile d'appr. Г©hender par le seul biais d'un d. Г©coupage administratif aux origines anciennes, nous avons s. Г©lectionn. Г© quelques notions int. Г©ressantes ch. ГЁres aux g. Г©ographes. La commune de Lescar appartient Г la zone d'emploi Pau et est ainsi rattach. Г©e Г l'Unit. Г© urbaine Pau qui fait elle- m. ГЄme partie du vaste Espace urbain Pau- Tarbes. Les quartiers de Lescar. Pour des raisons de statistiques et de recensement de la population, la commune de Lescar est d. Г©coup. Г©e par l'INSEE en quartiers qui sont : Est, Nord, Sud Est et Sud Ouest. Cartes, itin. Г©raires et plan de Lescar. Outre la consultation des photos a. Г©riennes, du plan routier ou encore de la liste des rues et places de la ville de Lescar, cette rubrique cartographique permet de d. Г©couvrir les limites des parcelles cadastrales, les communes constitutives du SCOT ainsi que l'existence d'un PLU (anciennement POS) ou d'une carte communale. Pour satisfaire les attentes du plus grand nombre, nous proposons Г©galement la consultation de la carte IGN qui est une r. Г©f. Г©rence pour la pr. Г©paration des promenades et randonn. Г©es, de la carte de Cassini et de la carte d'Г©tat major qui peuvent ГЄtre particuli. ГЁrement utiles pour les personnes f. Г©rues d'histoire ainsi que de la carte g. Г©ologique pris. Г©e par les amoureux des roches et des min. Г©raux. Pour calculer un itin. Г©raire Г partir de Lescar ou pour vous y rendre, rendez- vous sur le plan de Lescar. Le territoire de la commune fait partie d'un sch. Г©ma de coh. Г©rence territoriale qui vise Г mettre en coh. Г©rence, pr. Г©server et valoriser le territoire en mati. ГЁre d'habitat, de d. Г©placements et d'Г©quipements. Lescar d. Г©pend donc du SCo. T du Grand Pau. Villes et villages voisins. En vue d'aider Г localiser Lescar sur une carte et de faciliter la planification de d. Г©placements dans ses alentours imm. Г©diats, nous avons report. Г© les communes limitrophes sur un sch. Г©ma bas. Г© sur le principe de la rose des vents auquel se joint la liste des communes les plus proches ordonn. Г©es par Г©loignement croissant. Distances avec les plus grandes villes fran. Г§aises. Voici une liste de distances r. Г©elles ainsi que le temps de trajet (en voiture) entre Lescar et les plus grandes villes fran. Г§aises. Lescar в†’ Paris. Lescar в†’ Marseille. Lescar в†’ Lyon. 73. Lescar в†’ Toulouse. Lescar в†’ Nice. 75. Lescar в†’ Nantes. Lescar в†’ Strasbourg. Lescar в†’ Montpellier. Lescar в†’ Bordeaux. Lescar в†’ Lille. Lescar в†’ Rennes. Lescar в†’ Reims. Voir plus de distances avec Lescar Toponymie et traduction. Pour faciliter des recherches dans des ouvrages en langue Г©trang. ГЁre, la transcription de Lescar dans des syst. ГЁmes d'Г©criture non latine est propos. Г©e ci- dessous. Japonais : гѓ¬г‚№г‚«гѓјCor. Ascain — Wikip. Г©dia. Un article de Wikip. Г©dia, l'encyclop. Г©die libre. Ascain est une commune fran. Г§aise situ. Г©e dans le d. Г©partement des Pyr. Г©n. Г©es- Atlantiques en r. Г©gion Aquitaine- Limousin- Poitou- Charentes et frontali. ГЁre avec l’Espagne au sommet de la Rhune, ultime sommet pyr. Г©n. Г©en occidental situ. Г© Г six kilom. ГЁtres de la c. Гґte atlantique. Elle s’est d. Г©velopp. Г©e sur la Nivelle, court fleuve qui na. Г®t en Espagne et qui draine une partie du Pays basque int. Г©rieur. De son histoire ancienne nous sont parvenus des vestiges fun. Г©raires, laiss. Г©s par des bergers de la Protohistoire sur les pentes de la Rhune. Le XVIIe si. ГЁcle fut une p. Г©riode difficile pour la localit. Г©, qui eut Г souffrir de l'acharnement fanatique du conseiller de Lancre, de l'occupation espagnole li. Г©e Г la guerre de Trente Ans et enfin d'une guerre civile locale men. Г©e par de Chourio, natif de la commune. La Terreur entra. Г®na la d. Г©portation d'une partie du village, alors que la guerre de succession d'Espagne vit des combats meurtriers se d. Г©rouler sur les reliefs entourant Ascain. Lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le village se distingua par sa participation active Г l'Г©vasion de clandestins vers l'Espagne. Localit. Г© agricole de 4 0. Г© avec la nature, Ascain voit son bassin d'emploi se d. Г©velopper principalement gr. Гўce au tourisme et aux activit. Г©s de services. Elle a su conserver une activit. Г© d'extraction et de fa. Г§onnage de pierres, qui a fait sa renomm. Г©e aupr. ГЁs de nombreuses villes fran. Г§aises. Ascain doit Г©galement sa c. Г©l. Г©brit. Г© aux personnalit. Г©s qui en sont issues ou qui l'ont appr. Г©ci. Г©e. L'Г©crivain Pierre Loti s'y est install. Г© pour Г©crire son roman Ramuntcho, faisant le lien entre la litt. Г©rature et l'autre communaut. Г© forte du village constitu. Г©e autour de la pelote basque. De m. ГЄme Jacques Chaban- Delmas s'Г©tait attach. Г© Г la localit. Г©, o. Г№ il repose d. Г©sormais. Fronti. ГЁres d’Ascain avec les communes limitrophes. Le trait rouge dans le coin inf. Г©rieur gauche d. Г©finit la fronti. ГЁre avec l’Espagne. Celui du coin sup. Г©rieur gauche indique la position de l’autoroute A6. La commune fait partie de la province basque du Labourd. Ascain est une commune situ. Г©e Г l'extr. ГЄme sud- ouest du territoire fran. Г§ais. Elle est frontali. ГЁre au sud avec l’Espagne, en un point unique et Г peu de distance du sommet de la Rhune culminant Г 9. ГЁtres. Elle partage ce point avec, outre Bera qui appartient Г la comarque navarraise de Cinco Villas, les communes fran. Г§aises de Sare et d’Urrugne[1]. Le village lui- m. ГЄme s’étend Г une altitude moyenne de 3. ГЁtres[HL 1]. Sa fronti. ГЁre nord est formalis. Г©e par le cours de l’Etxeberriko erreka, un affluent droit de la Nivelle[1]. La commune est distante de six kilom. ГЁtres du littoral atlantique. La localit. Г© fait partie de l'aire urbaine de Bayonne et est situ. Г©e dans l’unit. Г© urbaine de cette commune. La localit. Г© est situ. Г©e aux pieds de la Rhune, partie occidentale extr. ГЄme de la cha. Г®ne des Pyr. Г©n. Г©es. Le cycle varisque dont cette derni. ГЁre est issue date de la fin du Pal. Г©ozo. ГЇque (plus pr. Г©cis. Г©ment, entre 2. Г©es[JA 1]). Au d. Г©p. Гґt des argiles de base s’ajoutent au MГ©sozo. ГЇque (plus pr. Г©cis. Г©ment, entre 2. 25 et 1. Г©es[JA 1]) ceux de poudingue, amalgame de galets de quartzite soud. Г©s entre eux par un ciment gr. Г©seux, de gr. ГЁs et de basalte[Note 1]. Il y a 2. 00 millions d’ann. Г©es, en effet, la divergence de la plaque ib. Г©rique du reste de l’Europe provoque la naissance d'une vall. Г©e volcanique. L’affleurement de basalte le plus important se trouvant au sommet de la Rhune, alors que les autres, de moindre cons. Г©quence se dispersent dans un rayon de 2. ГЁre principal corresponde Г l’actuel sommet[JB 1]. Des s. Г©diments rouges, r. Г©sultant du climat semi- aride r. Г©gnant alors, s’accumulent Г©galement. La semi- aridit. Г© du climat est confirm. Г©e par la pr. Г©sence, quoique Г©parse, de fossiles[JB 1],[Note 2]. ГЂ la fin de l’ère secondaire, entre 1. Г©es, des plissements disloquent les couches de s. Г©diments Г plusieurs reprises, provoquant les reliefs connus aujourd’hui[JA 1]. La Rhune nous appara. Г®t en effet comme un vaste anticlinal, accumulation de couches montrant une convexit. Г© vers le haut, r. Г©sultat de pouss. Г©es lat. Г©rales orient. Г©es du sud au nord[JB 2]. La superficie de la commune est de 1 9. ГЁtres[2]. Si l’altitude la plus Г©lev. Г©e se trouve bien entendu sur la Rhune, deux autres sommets sont Г signaler, le Biscarzun, qui culmine Г 1. ГЁtres Г l’est de la localit. Г©, et l’Esnaur, qui s’él. ГЁve Г 2. 73 m. ГЁtres au sud- est du bourg[HL 2],[1]. Couleurs d'automne sur la Nivelle Г Ascain. Panneau bilingue Г Ascain. Les terres de la commune, situ. Г©es dans le bassin versant de la Nivelle, sont arros. Г©es, outre par le fleuve lui- m. ГЄme, par les affluents de celui- ci, les ruisseaux d’Ibardin, d’Arraio, d’Etxeberri et de Galardi ainsi que par le tributaire de ce dernier, le ruisseau des Trois fontaines[3]. La Nivelle est un petit fleuve de 4. Espagne et qui, apr. ГЁs 3. 9 km de cours parfois tumultueux en France, se jette dans le golfe de Gascogne, dans la baie de Saint- Jean- de- Luz[4]. Elle est enregistr. Г©e Site d’int. Г©r. ГЄt communautaire par le r. Г©seau Natura 2. 00. Г© В« La Nivelle (estuaire, barthes et cours d'eau) В»[5]. Ascain pr. Г©sente la particularit. Г© d’être en aval du fleuve et donc en contact avec les deux environnements, fluvial et marin, concern. Г©s par la protection. Le pont romain qui l’enjambe d. Г©termine d’ailleurs la limite territoriale d’influence du cours estuaire, relevant du domaine maritime public, et le d. Г©but du cours fluvial[CO 1]. Les mar. Г©es sont perceptibles au niveau de la localit. Г©, entra. Г®nant des prescriptions techniques particuli. ГЁres lors des travaux effectu. Г©s sur les berges du fleuve[6]. La station m. Г©t. Г©orologique la plus proche est celle de Biarritz - Anglet, Г 2. Г vol d’oiseau[7]. La proximit. Г© des reliefs et l’éloignement relatif de la c. Гґte atlantique impliquent des diff. Г©rences notoires en termes de pr. Г©cipitations, d’ensoleillement direct et de variation de temp. Г©ratures, mais les donn. Г©es de la station de Biarritz - Anglet permettent de se faire une id. Г©e assez pr. Г©cise du climat de la localit. Г©. Les pr. Г©cipitations sont assez importantes : le climat oc. Г©anique est d. Г» Г la proximit. Г© de l'oc. Г©an Atlantique. La moyenne des temp. Г©ratures en hiver se situe aux alentours de 8 В°C et avoisine les 2. В°C en Г©t. Г©. La temp. Г©rature la plus basse relev. Г©e a Г©t. Г© в€’1. В°C le 1. 6 janvier 1. Г©lev. Г©e, 4. 0,6 В°C le 4 ao. Г»t 2. 00. 3[Note 3],[8]. Les pluies sur les c. Гґtes basques sont rarement persistantes, except. Г© durant les temp. ГЄtes hivernales. Elles se manifestent souvent sous forme d'averses orageuses intenses et de courte dur. Г©e. Le sommet de la Rhune peut ГЄtre recouvert de neige plusieurs jours de suite. Relev. Г© m. Г©t. Г©orologique de Biarritz et sa r. Г©gion pour la p. Г©riode 1. 96. 1- 1. Moisjan. f. Г©v. marsavrilmaijuinjui. Г»tsep. oct. nov. Г©c. ann. Г©e. Temp. Г©rature minimale moyenne (В°C)4,8. Temp. Г©rature moyenne (В°C)8,1. Temp. Г©rature maximale moyenne (В°C)1. Record de froid (В°C)в€’1. Record de chaleur (В°C)2. Pr. Г©cipitations (mm)1. L’ancienne route vers la c. Гґte passait par la rive gauche de la Nivelle, pour aboutir Г Saint- Jean- de- Luz. Elle porte encore le nom de В« chemin de halage В», la voie d’eau ayant longtemps Г©t. Г© utilis. Г©e pour le transport des marchandises vers l’aval[GP 1]. Longtemps d. Г©saffect. Г©e et peu praticable, elle est rendue Г la circulation dans les ann. Г©es 1. 96. 0 gr. Гўce Г la r. Г©ouverture du pont m. Г©tallique de Loya, Г proximit. Г© du moulin Г©ponyme[GP 1]. La route utilisant la rive droite, ancien projet de communication formul. Г© d. ГЁs 1. 84. 6 pour relier Saint- Jean- de- Luz Г Bardos, est l’actuelle route d. Г©partementale D9. Saint- PГ©e- sur- Nivelle et Saint- Jean- de- Luz[GP 2]. La D 5. 04, longue de quelques centaines de m. ГЁtres, assure la liaison entre la D 4, qui relie Sare Г Urrugne, et la D 9. ГЁs 1. 87. 8, une crue de la Nivelle ayant emport. Г© l’ouvrage initial en bois[GP 3]. Entre Ascain et Sare, la D 4 serpente jusqu’au col de Saint- Ignace (altitude 1. ГЁtres), point de d. Г©part du petit train de la Rhune, l'un des rares chemins de fer Г cr. Г©maill. ГЁre de France encore en service, qui relie le col au sommet de la Rhune. Le r. Г©seau basque de la compagnie des Voies ferr. Г©es d. Г©partementales du Midi ouvrit en 1. Bayonne et Biarritz, prolong. Г©e Г Ciboure et empruntant le chemin de halage jusqu’à Ascain. Elle franchissait ensuite le col de Saint- Ignace par l’ancienne voie dite В« romaine В» pour atteindre Sare. Cette ligne cessa de fonctionner en 1. Г©[GP 4]. Le chemin de fer de la Rhune Г©tait reli. Г© Г cette ligne. Le r. Г©seau interurbain des Pyr. Г©n. Г©es- Atlantiques poss. ГЁde deux arr. ГЄts Г Ascain, l'un sur la ligne 8. ГЁne d'Hasparren Г Saint- Jean- de- Luz, et l'autre, sur la ligne 8. Sare et Saint- Jean- de- Luz. La partie urbanis. Г©e du territoire est partag. Г©e entre sept quartiers : Aldagaray, Arania, Mendixka, Morzelay, Plazza, Portua et Serres[HL 1],[Note 4]. Pr. ГЁs de 4. 0 lieux- dits sont identifi. Г©s sur les cartes IGN, de la borne fronti. ГЁre avec l’Espagne Г proximit. Г© du sommet de la Rhune, Г la redoute de Bizkarzun qui fait l’objet d’une inscription par le minist. ГЁre de la Culture[9], en passant par l’ancienne localit. Г© de Serres, supprim. Г©e en 1. 84. 5 et dont le territoire a Г©t. Г© partag. Г© entre Ascain et Saint- Jean- de- Luz[1. Comme l'indique le g. Г©ographe Roger Brunet, en dehors du bourg l'habitat est tr. ГЁs Г©pars sur les reliefs de basse altitude qui s'Г©talent de part et d'autre de la Nivelle[1. Plan de pr. Г©vention du risque inondation (PPRI)[modifier | modifier le code]La zone inondable d. Г©velopp. Г©e par la Nivelle fait, depuis 1. Г©vention du risque inondation. Ce plan a Г©t. Г© mis Г jour en 2. Г la suite des inondations et coul. Г©es de boues survenues le 4 mai 2. Depuis 1. 98. 2, six arr. ГЄt. Г©s de reconnaissance de catastrophe naturelle ont Г©t. Г© pris. Ils concernent la temp. ГЄte de novembre 1. Г©caniques li. Г©s Г l’action des vagues de d. Г©cembre 1. 99. 9 et de janvier 2. Г©rentiels cons. Г©cutifs Г la s. Г©cheresse et Г la r. Г©hydratation des sols de juillet 2. Г©es de boues de mai 2. En 2. 00. 9, le nombre total de logements dans la commune Г©tait de 1 9. Г©tait de 1 5. 03 en 1. Insee 1]. Parmi ces logements, 7. Г©taient des r. Г©sidences principales, 1. Г©sidences secondaires et 4,0 % des logements vacants. Ces logements Г©taient pour 7. Insee 2]. La proportion des r. Г©sidences principales, propri. Г©t. Г©s de leurs occupants Г©tait de 7. Г 1. 99. 9 (7. 4,2 %). La part de logements HLM lou. Г©s vides Г©tait de 2,3 % contre 0,0 %, leur nombre Г©tant en forte augmentation, 3. Insee 3]. Le style architectural est celui du Labourd, avec des fermes dont l’entr. Г©e est orient. Г©e Г l’est, alors que leur fa. Г§ade ouest n’est perc. Г©e que de petites fen. ГЄtres pour la prot. Г©ger des pluies maritimes, et avec des maisons traditionnelles aux murs blancs appareill. Г©s de pans de bois apparents, peints le plus souvent en rouge brun ou en vert, qu’elles soient situ. Г©es dans le bourg ou Г©parpill. Г©es dans la lande. Le plan local d’urbanisme (PLU) de la commune a Г©t. Г© adopt. Г© par le conseil municipal du 2. Г©vrier 2. 01. 4[1. Son pr. Г©ambule d. Г©finit pour orientations g. Г©n. Г©rales la n. Г©cessit. Г© de В« respecter un Г©quilibre entre les secteurs de l’économie, du social et de l’environnement, les 3 socles du d. Г©veloppement durable. Les zones constructibles devront Г©galement tenir compte des zones inondables et celles qui disposent de l’assainissement collectif et autonome В»[1. Il met en exergue l’acc. Г©l. Г©ration de la croissance d. Г©mographique qui Г©tait en moyenne de 5. Г©mentaires par an entre 1. Г 8. 0 personnes annuelles pour la p. Г©riode 1. 99. 9 - 2. Г©voit de maintenir ce rythme de croissance pour parvenir Г 5 0. Г©es[1. 4]. L’adaptation doit se faire dans le respect du PPRI et de l’environnement naturel et agricole. Les deux derniers axes correspondent Г des orientations Г la fois Г©conomiques et Г©cologiques. Ces objectifs, visant Г optimiser la consommation de l'espace et l'Г©talement urbain, se traduiront Г terme par une am. Г©lioration des possibilit. Г©s de stationnement le long de la rue principale ainsi que par la rationalisation des transports et des d. Г©placements, le regroupement des Г©tablissements scolaires et l’agrandissement des structures d’accueil (maison de retraite, maison des associations) et enfin l’am. Г©lioration des r. Г©seaux num. Г©riques et le d. Г©veloppement de l’assainissement collectif[1. Son nom basque actuel est Azkaine[1. Г© est Azkaindar[1. D'apr. ГЁs la Carte des Sept Provinces Basques Г©dit. Г©e en 1. 86. 3 par le prince Louis- Lucien Bonaparte, le dialecte basque parl. Г© Г Ascain est le labourdin. Le toponyme Ascain appara. Г®t pour la premi. ГЁre fois en 1. 12. Escan[1. 7], reprise ensuite vers 1. Bayonne puis sous les formes Scain (1. Bayonne, feuillets 7 et 2. Ascayn (1. 30. 2), Scainh et Ascaing (respectivement 1. Labourd, E 4. 26[1. Sancta Maria d'Ascaing (1. ГЁse de Bayonne[2. Askaine au XIXe si. ГЁcle[2. 1]. Selon Jean- Baptiste Orpustan, Ascain vient probablement de haitz gain : В« dessus du tertre В» ou В« hauteur rocheuse В»[2. Note 5]. La maison Olhaberrieta (В« lieu de cabane neuve В»), situ. Г©e Г mi- chemin entre le quartier d’Olhette Г Urrugne et le bourg d’Ascain, est mentionn. Г©e en 1. 56. 8[2. Le quartier Portua doit son nom Г sa situation portuaire sur la Nivelle. Au XVIIe si. ГЁcle, il y r. Г©gnait une intense activit. Г© de construction navale, prot. Г©g. Г©e par une tour, devenue de nos jours la maison Dorrea (Г©galement Dorria), pr. ГЁs de laquelle Winston Churchill fit une aquarelle[1. Le port recevait de Saint- Jean- de- Luz, en provenance de Biscaye, du minerai de fer Г destination de la forge de Saint- PГ©e- sur- Nivelle[2. Le toponyme Serres (qui se prononce Serr. Г©s[GL 1]) appara. Г®t sous les formes Villa qu. Е“ dicitur Asseres (1. Bayonne, feuillet 8[1. Sanctus- Jacobus de Serres (1. ГЁse de Bayonne)[2. Note 6]. Il s’agit au XIe si. ГЁcle d’un domaine rural, propri. Г©t. Г© du vicomte du Labourd[1. Г© sur la rive droite de la Nivelle, dominant Ascain qui est install. Г©e sur la rive gauche, d’o. Г№ l’étymologie pr. Г©latine serra (В« hauteur non rocheuse, colline allong. Г©e В»)[2. 2]. De par sa position, Serres devient une Г©tape sur le chemin de Compostelle, en provenance de Saint- PГ©e- sur- Nivelle ou d'Ahetze, vers Bera en passant par Ascain ou Sare[GL 2]. Elle offre aux p. ГЁlerins une Г©glise (Sanctus- Jacobus de Serre) et un h. Гґpital. La loi du 1. Serres, ainsi que certains quartiers de Sare, Г Saint- PГ©e- sur- Nivelle, sous le nom de Beauregard. L’histoire marque encore la commune, redevenue entretemps ind. Г©pendante, lors du passage des troupes napol. Г©oniennes qui y Г©tablissent le В« camp de la r. Г©serve В» en novembre 1. Г©pendance espagnole (bataille de la Nivelle[GL 2]). La commune est partag. Г©e entre Ascain et Saint- Jean- de- Luz, par ordonnance du roi Louis- Philippe Ier, dat. Г©e du 1. 9 juillet 1. GL 3]. La croix d’Urumendy d. Г©signait un lieu de p. ГЁlerinage[PR 1], tout comme Xeruenborda, port. Г© sous la graphie Ch. Г©rumborda dans le dictionnaire topographique BГ©arn- Pays basque de 1. PR 2]. Au sommet de la Rhune, la chapelle du Saint- Esprit et de la Trinit. Г© faisait au XVIIIe si. ГЁcle l’objet de p. ГЁlerinages des paroissiens d’Urrugne, Bera, Ascain et Sare qu’il fallut organiser Г des dimanches et des mois diff. Г©rents pour Г©viter l’affluence[2. La Rhune rec. ГЁle un nombre important de monuments m. Г©galithiques, qui sont les t. Г©moins d'une activit. Г© humaine au NГ©olithique[JA 2]. On trouve en effet des cromlechs et des dolmens datant de l’âge du bronze et de l’âge du fer et refl. Г©tant une activit. Г© fun. Г©raire importante. La tourbi. ГЁre des Trois fontaines est par exemple domin. Г©e par la colline de Gorostia, o. Г№ une n. Г©cropole montrant neuf cercles de pierres a Г©t. Г© d. Г©couverte au lieu- dit AГЇra- Harri[JA 2],[2. De m. ГЄme les deux dolmens d’Altsan s’offrent encore Г la vue des promeneurs, tout comme le monolithe d’Athekalegun et celui de Gastainbakar[JA 2]. Il est courant dans de nombreuses r. Г©gions, et notamment au Pays basque, de parler de voie romaine ou de pont romain pour d. Г©signer des vieux chemins ou des vestiges encore existants[2. Cette origine romaine ne s'appuie dans cette r. Г©gion sur aucune source document. Г©e et doit ГЄtre consid. Г©r. Г©e avec circonspection[2. Ceci n'exclut pas, en revanche, que, si les vestiges qui nous sont parvenus sont d'une origine post. Г©rieure Г l'Antiquit. Г©romaine, le trac. Г© puisse co. ГЇncider avec celui de voies ayant exist. Г© au d. Г©but de notre ГЁre[2. Selon Jakes Cazaubon, la disparition des voies romaines originelles est due Г l'action naturelle des Г©l. Г©ments climatiques sur les 2 0. Г©parent de leur construction[2. Les chemins pav. Г©s que nous connaissons aujourd'hui peuvent, selon le chercheur, avoir deux origines. Soit ils sont li. Г©s Г l'am. Г©lioration des chemins de Saint- Jacques- de- Compostelle par des communaut. Г©s religieuses comme l'ordre des pr. Г©montr. Г©s, soit ils ont Г©t. Г© cr. éés pour assurer le transport de minerai entre mines et forges. Ce dernier cas correspond au cas d'Ascain, dont le port sur la Nivelle recevait le minerai d'Urrugne mais Г©galement de Biscaye, pour ГЄtre trait. Г© Г la forge Olazabal de Saint- PГ©e- sur- Nivelle. En dehors des traces de rites fun. Г©raires laiss. Г©es par les bergers de la Protohistoire, il n’existe pas de t. Г©moignage connu Г ce jour qui relate l’histoire d’Ascain, jusqu’à la mention dans le Livre d’Or de Bayonne d’un Loup Aner d’Ascain vers 1. Г©moin d'une donation par le vicomte du Labour, Bertrand, en faveur de l’Église de Bayonne. Ce personnage fait partie des conseillers du vicomte[HL 3]. Il faut ensuite attendre 1. Г®tre un Salomon de Scain, caution lors d’une cession de biens Г l’Église[1. HL 3]. La paroisse Santa- Maria de Dascain est mentionn. Г©e en 1. 34. 1[1. ГЄme si. ГЁcle o. Г№ appara. Г®t le premier seigneur d’Ascain, Martin Otxoa de Gaztelu, seigneur du palacio de Ascanio[HL 4]. Mari. Г© avec Maria Garcia de Narbart, dame d’Agorreta, il a un fils, Juan Martinez de Agorreta Ascanio, dont les armoiries (В« d’or au ch. ГЄne de sinople arrach. Г© de trois pi. ГЁces du m. ГЄme, au sanglier passant sur le f. Г»t de l’arbre ; Г la bordure de gueules charg. Г©e de huit croix de saint Andr. Г© d’or В») ont Г©t. Г© adopt. Г©es par le conseil municipal le 2. Г©es[HL 4]. Son arri. ГЁre- petite- fille, Maria, dame des maisons nobles d’Ascain et d’Agorreta, Г©pouse Philippe de Beaumont, neveu du conn. Г©table de Navarre. Cette union d. Г©cidera du futur de la maison d’Ascain, lors des conflits entre Beaumont et Gramont[HL 5]. En 1. 60. 9 le conseiller de Lancre, du parlement de Bordeaux, intervint au Pays basque, Г la t. ГЄte de la commission d'enqu. ГЄte demand. Г©e par Henri IV. Cette commission devait В« purger le pays de tous les sorciers et sorci. ГЁres sous l'emprise des d. Г©mons В». Plusieurs В« t. Г©moins В» d’Ascain furent entendus[Note 7],[HL 6]. Le cur. Г© d'Ascain, sieur d’Arguibel, de la maison d’Harguibellea, fut d. Г©grad. Г© en l’église Saint- Esprit de Bayonne, pendu puis br. Г»l. Г©[2. 7],[Note 8]. Gr. Гўce Г l’intervention de Bertrand d'Eschaud, Г©v. ГЄque de Bayonne, de Lancre fut rappel. Г© Г Bordeaux[HL 7]. Ascain fut occup. Г©e durant la guerre de Trente Ans pendant une ann. Г©e, du 2. 3 octobre 1. Libretto Giulio Cesare HandelAlmira; Florindo; Rodrigo; Agrippina; Rinaldo; Il pastor fido; Teseo; Silla; Amadigi di Gaula; Radamisto; Muzio Scevola; Floridante; Ottone; Flavio; Giulio Cesare. Priva son d'ogni conforto from Act I, Scene 1 of the Italian opera, Giulio Cesare (Julius Caesar) by George Frideric Handel Libretto : Nicola Haym. Libretti This is an index of libretto pages in the Internet known to me. They are ordered by composer and name of the opera. In some cases also texts of other vocal. Libretto by Michel Carré and Jules Barbier after The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare. HANDEL: Giulio Cesare in Egitto. Giulio Cesare in Egitto (pronounced. The libretto was written by Nicola Francesco Haym who used an earlier libretto by Giacomo Francesco Bussani. Legendary Opera, Operetta & Zarzuela Performances, countless Live Performances, numerous Historical Met Opera Broadcasts, a vast array of Russian Opera Performances. Browse through our libretto list with all libretti on Opera-Arias.com, ordered by composer in alphabetical order. List of operas by Handel. The opera house in the Haymarket—first known as the Queen's Theatre and then later as the King's Theatre—where many of Handel's works were first performed. Illustration by William Capon. George Frideric Handel's operas comprise 4. He began composing operas in Germany and then for a brief time in Italy to modest success. It was not until he moved to England that he found great success in the genre. His first opera in England, Rinaldo (1. Italian operas soon followed. However, Handel's place as the central figure of opera in England during the eighteenth century was not solidified until, under the influence of Thomas Arne, he began composing large- scale works with English language texts. Though almost all his English language works are technically oratorios and not operas, several of them, such as Semele (1. Handel's first opera (opera seria - serious Italian opera) was Almira (1. During the 3. 6 years in which Italian opera was his principal concern, Handel adhered closely to the typical form of the era, determined by the precedence given to solo singing and to stage presentation in which set changes were made in front of the audience and the curtain not lowered until the work's conclusion. Recitatives preceded solo arias, usually in da capo form (though frequently with an abridged return to the chief section), dominate the operas, and scenes are normally devised to start with several characters on stage, each of whom sings an aria and then exits. The last scene typically concludes with a coro sung by the soloists; ensembles are otherwise atypical and mainly limited to scenes of communal celebration; only "Dall’orror" in Act 3 of Alcina (1. English choral works. Handel’s operas therefore seem to be highly similar to those of his contemporaries; what makes them unique is the brilliance of the music which skilfully conveys with instant fervor the emotional states of the characters within the context of the drama. Overview[edit]. First edition of Handel's Giulio Cesare (1. Handel's earlier operas tended to be of a lighter nature, although there are intermittent moments, such as the prison scene from Almira (1. Handel's music for his first operas in England was often derived from musical ideas and idioms found in his cantatas and other works written during his time spent in Italy (1. For example, the characteristic harmonic structure of Agrippina (1. Italian period. In general, the orchestrations of Handel's earlier operas tended to be richer and smoother than in his later works, utilizing additional instruments like bassoons to achieve different tone colours. The music for Rinaldo (1. Handel never repeated elsewhere. Beginning with Ottone (1. Handel composed numerous operas for the Royal Academy of Music during the 1. With the exception of Flavio (1. Of particular importance from this period is Giulio Cesare (1. Handel's most expansive and emotively powerful scores. The sumptuous music and deft characterizations found in this work has made it one of the more frequently revived Handel operas during the 2. Also of note are Tamerlano (1. Rodelinda (1. 72. Handel wrote specifically for Francesco Borosini. The later operas that Handel wrote for the Academy were not as successful as his earlier ones. The two major sopranos at the Academy, Francesca Cuzzoni and Faustina Bordoni, were intensely competitive, and Handel had to cater to them both equally in these latter Academy operas. With the exception of Admeto (1. During the 1. 73. Handel returned to writing operas of a comic and fantastic or heroic nature, largely because he no longer had to cater to the tastes of the Academy when choosing librettos. These works, such as Partenope (1. Orlando (1. 73. 3) and Alcina (1. Leonardo Vinci and Leonardo Leo and are written in a pre- classical manner. During this period, Handel began to more frequently utilize the scena in his works, and by the mid- 1. Orlando and the end of Act 2 of Alcina. The size of the orchestras for these works was also larger, with Handel typically employing 1. In operas like Oreste (1. Handel attempted to synthesize Italian opera with French opera in the sequences of dances and choruses, but made no further experimentation in this area outside of the operas of 1. Two of the operas from this period, Ariodante (1. Atalanta (1. 73. 6), were a departure from the traditionally heroic librettos used by Handel, adopting a more realistic romantic intimacy. By the late 1. 73. Handel's attention was increasingly diverted away from composing operas and was much more focused on the English oratorio. A number of his operas from 1. Nevertheless, his operas Giustino (1. Serse (1. 73. 8) contain some very fine music. Serse is also notable for successfully mixing comedy and poignant tragedy into a masterfully crafted plot, a development repeated less successfully in Imeneo (1. Handel's last Italian opera, Deidamia, was produced in 1. England's taste for Italian opera had waned. Handel returned one more time to theatre music for the semi- opera. Alceste in 1. 75. List of works[edit]The following is a complete list of Handel's operatic works. All are opera seria in three acts, unless otherwise stated. HWVTitle. Libretto. Premi. ГЁre date. Premi. ГЁre place, theatre. Modern revival. Notes. Almira (Der in Krohnen erlangte Gl. Гјcks- Wechsel, oder: Alimira, KГ¶nigin von Castilien)Feustking. Friedrich Christian Feustking, after Giulio Pancieri. January 1. 70. 5Hamburg, Theater am GГ¤nsemarkt. June 1. 99. 4, Handel Festival, Bad Lauchst. Г¤dt. Some music lost; announced as a Singspiel but has no spoken dialogue. Nero (Die durch Blut und Mord erlangete Liebe)Feustking. Friedrich Christian Feustking. February 1. 70. 5Hamburg, Theater am GГ¤nsemarkt Music lost. Florindo (Der begl. Гјckte Florindo)Hinsch. Hinrich Hinsch. 17. January 1. 70. 8Hamburg, Theater am GГ¤nsemarkt Almost all of the music is lost. Daphne (Die verwandelte Daphne)Hinsch. Hinrich Hinsch. 17. January 1. 70. 8Hamburg, Theater am GГ¤nsemarkt A sequel to Florindo, intended to be performed on the day after it. Almost all of the music is lost. Rodrigo (Vincer se stesso ГЁ la maggior vittoria)Silvani. After Francesco Silvani's II duello d'Amore e di Vendetta. Italian libretto. November 1. 70. 7Florence, Teatro di via del Cocomero. Innsbruck. Some music is lost. Agrippina. Grimani. Vincenzo Grimani. December 1. 70. 9, early 1. Venice, Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo. Halle 7a/b. Rinaldo. Rossi. Giacomo Rossi/Aaron Hill, after Tasso, La Gerusalemme liberata. Italian libretto. February 1. 71. 1London, Queen's Theatre. June 1. 95. 4, Handel Festival, Halle. HWV 7b is the 1. 73. Pastor fido. Il pastor fido. Rossi. Giacomo Rossi, after Giovanni Battista Guarini. Italian libretto, 8c Italian libretto. November 1. 71. 2London, Queen's Theatre. June 1. 94. 8, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen (third, November 1. September 1. 97. 1, Abingdon, (first, 1. HWV 8c designates the version of May 1. November revival. The prologue Terpsicore added to the November 1. Teseo. Haym. Nicola Francesco Haym, after Philippe Quinault's libretto for Th. Г©s. Г©e. Italian libretto. January 1. 71. 3London, Queen's Theatre. June 1. 94. 7, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen. Silla. Rossi. Giacomo Rossi, after Plutarch's Life of Sulla. Italian libretto. June 1. 71. 3? London, Queen's Theatre? Burlington House?) Much of the music was re- used in Amadigi. Amadigi di Gaula. Rossi. Haym. Rossi or Haym (?), after Antoine Houdar de la Motte's Amadis de Gr. ГЁce, 1. 69. 9Italian libretto. May 1. 71. 5London, King's Theatre. Osnabr. Гјck, 1. 92. Various additions during the initial run and the revivals of 1. Radamisto. Haym. Haym (?), after Domenico Lalli's L'amor tirannico, o Zenobia. Italian libretto. April 1. 72. 0London, King’s Theatre. June 1. 92. 7, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen. Librettos of the revised versions of December 1. Muzio Scevola. Rolli. Paolo Antonio Rolli, after a reworking of a Nicol. ГІ Minato libretto by Silvio Stampiglia. Italian libretto. April 1. 72. 1London, King’s Theatre. Essen (Act 3 only)only Act 3 is by Handel. Floridante. Rolli. Rolli, after Francesco Silvani's La costanza in trionfo. Italian libretto. December 1. 72. 1London, King’s Theatre. May 1. 96. 2, Unicorn Theatre, Abingdon. Revised versions premiered in 1. Ottone. Haym. Haym, after Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino's libretto for Antonio Lotti's opera Teofane. Italian libretto. January 1. 72. 3London, King’s Theatre. July 1. 92. 1, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen. Revised versions premiered in 1. Flavio. Haym. Haym, after M Noris's Il Flavio Cuniberto. Italian libretto. May 1. 72. 3London, King’s Theatre. July 1. 96. 7, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen. The libretto of the revised version of 1. Giulio Cesare. Haym. Haym. Italian libretto. February 1. 72. 4London, King’s Theatre. Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen 1. Tamerlano. Haym. Haym, after Agostin Piovene and Nicholas Pradon. Italian libretto. October 1. 72. 4London, King’s Theatre. September 1. 92. 4, Karlsruhe 1. Rodelinda. Haym. Haym, after Antonio Salvi, after Pierre Corneille's play Pertharite, roi des Lombards. Italian libretto. February 1. 72. 5London, King’s Theatre. June 1. 92. 0, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen 2. Scipione. Rolli. Rolli. Italian libretto. March 1. 72. 6London, King’s Theatre. Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen 2. Alessandro. Mauro. O Mauro. Italian libretto. May 1. 72. 6London, King’s Theatre. Stuttgart (in German) 2. Admeto. Haym. Haym. Italian libretto. January 1. 72. 7London, King’s Theatre. Abingdon 2. 3Riccardo Primo. Rolli. Rolli, after Francesco Briani. Italian libretto. November 1. 72. 7London, King’s Theatre. July 1. 96. 4, Sadler's Wells Theatre (Handel Opera Society), London 2. Siroe. Haym. Haym, after Metastasio. Italian libretto. February 1. 72. 8London, King’s Theatre. December 1. 92. 5, Gera 2. Tolomeo. Haym. Haym, adapted from Carlo Sigismondo Capece. Italian libretto. April 1. 72. 8London, King’s Theatre. June 1. 93. 8, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen 2. Lotario. Salvi. After Antonio Salvi. Italian libretto. December 1. 72. 9London, King’s Theatre. September 1. 97. 5, Kenton Theatre, Henley- on- Thames 2. Partenope. Stampiglia. After Silvio Stampiglia. Italian libretto. February 1. 73. 0London, King’s Theatre. June 1. 93. 5, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen 2. Poro. Metastasio. After Metastasio. Italian libretto. February 1. 73. 1London, King’s Theatre. Braunschweig 2. 9Ezio. Metastasio. Metastasio. Italian libretto. January 1. 73. 2London, King’s Theatre. June 1. 92. 6, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen 3. Sosarme. Salvi. After Salvi. Italian libretto. February 1. 73. 2London, King’s Theatre. Abingdon 3. 1Orlando. Capece. After Capece, after Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando furioso. Italian libretto. January 1. 73. 3London, King’s Theatre. May 1. 95. 9, Abingdon 3. Arianna in Creta. Pariati. After Pietro Pariati's Arianna e Teseo. January 1. 73. 4London, King’s Theatre A 1. Oreste. Barlocci. After Giangualberto Barlocci. December 1. 73. 4London, Covent Garden Theatre. Karlsruhe. Pasticcio. Ariodante. Salvi. After Salvi, after Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. Italian libretto. January 1. 73. 5London, Covent Garden Theatre 3. Alcina. Ariosto. After Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. Italian libretto. April 1. 73. 5London, Covent Garden Theatre. Leipzig 3. 5Atalanta. Valeriani. After Belisario Valeriani. Italian libretto. May 1. 73. 6London, Covent Garden Theatre. Hintlesham Festival, Hintlesham 3. Arminio. Salvi. After Salvi. Italian libretto. January 1. 73. 7London, Covent Garden Theatre. February 1. 93. 5, Leipzig (in German) 3. Giustino. Pariati. Adapted from Pariati's Giustino, after Nicolo Beregan's Il Giustino. Italian libretto. February 1. 73. 7London, Covent Garden Theatre. April 1. 96. 3, Abingdon 3. Berenice. Salvi. After Salvi. May 1. 73. 7London, Covent Garden Theatre 3. Faramondo. Zeno. Adapted from Apostolo Zeno's Faramondo. Italian libretto. January 1. 73. 8London, King’s Theatre. March 1. 97. 6, Handel Festival, Halle A 1. Alessandro Severo. Zeno. After Apostolo Zeno. February 1. 73. 8London, King’s Theatre. March 1. 99. 7, Britten Theatre, Royal College of Music, London. Pasticcio. 40. Serse. Stampiglia. After Stampiglia. Italian libretto. April 1. 73. 8London, King’s Theatre. July 1. 92. 4, Handel Festival GГ¶ttingen. Also known as Xerxes. A 1. 4Giove in Argo. Lucchini. Antonio Maria Lucchini. May 1. 73. 9London, King’s Theatre. September 2. 00. 6, Markgr. Г¤fliches Opernhaus, Bayreuth. Pasticcio. 41. Imeneo. Stampiglia. After Stampiglia's Imeneo. November 1. 74. 0London, theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. March 1. 96. 0, Handel Festival, Halle 4. Deidamia. Rolli. Rolli. Italian libretto. January 1. 74. 1London, theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields 4. Acis and Galatea. Gay. John Gay, drawing on John Dryden's translation of "The Story of Acis, Polyphemus and Galatea" from Ovid's Metamorphoses. Cannons, Little Stanmore Variously described as a serenata, a masque, a pastoral opera, a "little opera" (by the composer), an entertainment, and an oratorio. See also[edit]References[edit]Hicks, Anthony (1. Handel, George Frideric' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) ISBN 0- 3. Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1. The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 7. ISBN 0- 1. 9- 8. 69. Some of the information in this article is taken from the related Dutch Wikipedia article. External links[edit]Operas. Opera excerpts. Incidental music. Oratorios. Odes and masques. Cantatas. Latin church music. Anthems. Canticles. Oboe. Works. Flute, solo and XV solo sonatas. Opus. Other. Catalogs and collections. Festivals. Related articles. AskTheAnswer.com brings you our FREE monthly videoscopes by our resident astrologer Steve Judd. Visit our website to see all of our psychics! In this video. Get your free annual 2013 Libra horoscope and Libra astrology of every month such as January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October. Libra Horoscope - October 2013 Monisha Tarot. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 1,889 1K. Loading. Libra Horoscope - January 2014 - Duration: 2:22. Free monthly horoscope for the sing Libra, short October 2013 overview and astrological prediction for this month in a form of horoscope. Horoscope for October 2. Libra. Libra your thoughts are turning to beautiful weather, wonderful colorful leaves and the crisp sight of a red apple as Venus transits into Sagittarius. From the 7th on to the 1. Share insights in seminars and meetings plus casual conversations with friends. You have high charm this month and will easily win friends to your side. Relationships are highlighted by the October 2. Full Moon and lunar eclipse in Aries and your house of relationships. The influences will be very active for quite a bit of time. You will draw new people into your life as Venus encourages you to develop ties with partners and family members. You might want to find new relationships and there are others that will continue with current loves. Libra (September 23 - October 22) Your January Horoscope by Susan Miller. See Susan Miller's new Astrology Zone 30-minute streaming TV Show! For now, it will be seen. Libra Horoscope for October 2013, horoscope for month October for Libra with free forecast your zodiac sign. Libra, relationships take on even more focus than usual for you this month! Read your free October Horoscope for 2013. Libra October Predictions 2013. This month may give mixed results to the people of Libra sign. Your primary sources of income will be related to some external factors. Libra (Born September 24 to October 3) - 0 to 10 degrees Libra: 2013: Libra Horoscope: Love, Career, & General Trends. 2013 Overview for all Libra. October 2013 Horoscope Personal transformations. last month this month next month. October opens with the Sun in lovely Libra. Libra Horoscope October 2013 In UrduDuring October 2. This might cause problems in a relationship. On the 2. 1st of October as Mercury retrogrades in Scorpio and your house of finances you do want to stay on top of your bills. It will be easy to overlook at due dates this month. Confirm that all payments are made and check statements for errors. A finance matter will require your attention near the 8th and you will need further income to take care of car repairs. Calm your mind before bedtimes on the 1st through the 2. Mars is transiting Virgo and your house of rest and relaxation on the 1. Less than adequate rest and relaxation will cause you to become ill. You might find that dreams near the 1. You are challenged on the 4th and the 6th and the 8th is terrible. Watch out for falling hall stones on the 8th and the 1. The 1. 3th plus the 1. October 2. 01. 3 and you need to dress warm on the 1. Take care on the 2. On the 2. 7th take time to read a good book since you will be sitting in a doctor's office. The 3. 0th demands that you just stay in bed. Great days are the 5th and the 7th plus the 9th and 1. You will have no problems on the 1. The 2. 3rd will show that you are winning the race at work and on the 2. On the 2. 6th you need to enter a bake- off contest and the 2. Love the 3. 1st and enjoy the parties and the children. Horoscope for October 2. Horoscope for October 2. Autos Usados, Nuevos en venta, Motos, Camiones, Lanchas. Car. Play vs Android Auto. El avance tecnológico no es exclusivo del mundo de los celulares o tablets, de hecho la industria automotriz es pionera en la generación de nuevas tecnologías principalmente en la parte de seguridad, per.. Neo Autos Toyota - Autos, Motos y Otros. Art. Гculos: 1- 4. U$S 2. 2. 4. 00 0. Km Lima S/. 1 0. Km Lima U$S 8. 9. Km Lima U$S 1. 2. Km Lima U$S 1. 2. 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Aimer signifie respecter le libre arbitre, se détacher du jugement et de la comparaison pour voir la perfection partout, en chaque chose, en chaque être. Amour et libre arbitre | Chemin spirituel. Vouloir contr. Гґler l’autre, ce n’est pas Г§a l’amour. Quand on est dans le contr. Гґle, on est dans l’ego et dans la peur. Mais a- t- on vraiment peur pour l’autre? Non. On n’a jamais peur pour l’autre, on a peur pour Soi. Dans la peur, on. Le libre arbitre est le pouvoir de l'esprit humain d'entreprendre une action sans être soumis à des restrictions imposées par des causes antérieures. Oppt spiritualite libre arbitre guerriers de lumiere geoswing. akasha spiritualite l observateur contemplateur l ensemble d yeux - duration: 20:47. La Révolution Spirituel! Libre-Arbitre patriote spirituel. Le Libre Arbitre par Emmanuel-Yves Monin - Duration: 33:22. Emmanuel-Yves Monin 2,091 views. Entrevue avec l'archimandrite Elie: Guidance spirituelle et libre arbitre (2). en brisant la libre volonté du peuple. Mais il n'a pas fait cela. Les théories du libre-arbitre, elles, sont des théories d'un esprit libre de tout conditionnement matériel. Il défend l'idée que nous sommes de la chair . Publié dans anges, articles, Guidance | Mots-clés : aide des anges, libre-arbitre, médium toulouse, voyance, voyance spirituelle, voyance toulouse | Laisser une. В cherche Г convaincre, Г manipuler et. В Г§a c’est le job de l’ego. Le mental a tendance Г regrouper, classer, Г©tiqueter, comparer, uniformiser. Le libre arbitre implique le. В respect; c’est le kal. Г©idoscope des possibilit. Г©s qui permet Г В la diversit. Г© et Г В l’unique d’exister. Aimer signifie respecter le libre arbitre, se d. Г©tacher du jugement et de. В la comparaison pour. В voir la perfection partout, en chaque chose, en chaque ГЄtre, en chaque situation. Et ainsi, reconna. Г®tre le pouvoir cr. Г©ateur qui se d. 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The libretto of the opera Aida by the composer Giuseppe Verdi in Italian. ACTE PREMIER SCÈNE PREMIÈRE Salle dans le palais du roi, à Memphis. A droite et à gauche s'étendent d'immenses colonnades, au milieu desquelles se dressent les. La vita Cronologia della vita Le opere Bibliografia essenziale Giuseppe Verdi (1813 - 1901) Pierluigi Petrobelli Nato a Le Roncole, vicino a Busseto (Parma. Di Verdi Giuseppe su libretto di A. Ghislanzoni Aida va in scena per la prima volta al Teatro dell’Opera del Cairo la sera del 24 dicembre 1871, diretta da Giovanni. Giuseppe Verdi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (Italian: [d. К’u. Л€z. Й›ppe Л€verdi]; 1. October 1. 81. 3 – 2. January 1. 90. 1) was an Italian composer of operas. Verdi was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron. Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Bellini, Donizetti and Rossini, whose works significantly influenced him, becoming one of the pre- eminent opera composers in history. In his early operas Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy. He also participated briefly as an elected politician. The chorus "Va, pensiero" from his early opera Nabucco (1. An intensely private person, Verdi however did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region. He surprised the musical world by returning, after his success with the opera Aida (1. Requiem (1. 87. 4), and the operas Otello (1. Falstaff (1. 89. 3). His operas remain extremely popular, especially the three peaks of his 'middle period': Rigoletto, Il trovatore and La traviata, and the bicentenary of his birth in 2. Childhood and education[edit]. Verdi's childhood home at Le Roncole. Read the libretto, translated to english, of the Italian opera Aida by Giuseppe Verdi on Opera-Arias.com. With links to other information and other operas. Rigoletto (pronounced [riɡoˈletto]) is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the play Le roi. Caratteristiche: Opera lirica in quattro atti di Giuseppe Verdi su libretto di Antonio Ghislanzoni, tratto da uno spunto di Auguste Mariette, rielaborato da Camille. Aida (or, Aïda) is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto (story and words) was written by Antonio Ghislanzoni. Verdi, the first child of Carlo Giuseppe Verdi (1. Luigia Uttini (1. Le Roncole, a village near Busseto, then in the DГ©partement Taro and within the borders of the First French Empire following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in 1. The baptismal register, prepared on 1. October 1. 81. 3, lists his parents Carlo and Luigia as "innkeeper" and "spinner" respectively. Additionally, it lists Verdi as being "born yesterday", but since days were often considered to begin at sunset, this could have meant either 9 or 1. October. Verdi himself, following his mother, always celebrated his birthday on 9 October. Verdi had a younger sister, Giuseppa, who died aged 1. From the age of four, Verdi was given private lessons in Latin and Italian by the village schoolmaster, Baistrocchi, and at six he attended the local school. After learning to play the organ, he showed so much interest in music that his parents finally provided him with a spinet. Verdi's gift for music was already apparent by 1. After Baistrocchi's death, Verdi, at the age of eight, became the official paid organist. Antonio Barezzi, Verdi's patron and later father- in- law. The music historian Roger Parker points out that both of Verdi's parents "belonged to families of small landowners and traders, certainly not the illiterate peasants from which Verdi later liked to present himself as having emerged.. Carlo Verdi was energetic in furthering his son's education.. Verdi tended to hide in later life.. T]he picture emerges of youthful precocity eagerly nurtured by an ambitious father and of a sustained, sophisticated and elaborate formal education."In 1. Verdi's parents arranged for the boy to attend school in Busseto, enrolling him in a Ginnasio—an upper school for boys—run by Don Pietro Seletti, while they continued to run their inn at Le Roncole. Verdi returned to Busseto regularly to play the organ on Sundays, covering the distance of several kilometres on foot. At age 1. 1, Verdi received schooling in Italian, Latin, the humanities, and rhetoric. By the time he was 1. Ferdinando Provesi, maestro di cappella at San Bartolomeo, director of the municipal music school and co- director of the local Societ. Г Filarmonica (Philharmonic Society). Verdi later stated: "From the ages of 1. I wrote a motley assortment of pieces: marches for band by the hundred, perhaps as many little sinfonie that were used in church, in the theatre and at concerts, five or six concertos and sets of variations for pianoforte, which I played myself at concerts, many serenades, cantatas (arias, duets, very many trios) and various pieces of church music, of which I remember only a Stabat Mater." This information comes from the Autobiographical Sketch which Verdi dictated to the publisher Giulio Ricordi late in life, in 1. Written, understandably, with the benefit of hindsight, it is not always reliable when dealing with issues more contentious than those of his childhood. Margherita Barezzi, Verdi's first wife. The other director of the Philharmonic Society was Antonio Barezzi (it), a wholesale grocer and distiller, who was described by a contemporary as a "manic dilettante" of music. The young Verdi did not immediately become involved with the Philharmonic. By June 1. 82. 7, he had graduated with honours from the Ginnasio and was able to focus solely on music under Provesi. By chance, when he was 1. Verdi was asked to step in as a replacement to play in what became his first public event in his home town; he was an immediate success mostly playing his own music to the surprise of many and receiving strong local recognition. By 1. 82. 9–3. 0, Verdi had established himself as a leader of the Philharmonic: "none of us could rival him" reported the secretary of the organisation, Giuseppe Demald. ГЁ. An eight- movement cantata, I deliri di Saul, based on a drama by Vittorio Alfieri, was written by Verdi when he was 1. Bergamo. It was acclaimed by both Demald. ГЁ and Barezzi, who commented: "He shows a vivid imagination, a philosophical outlook, and sound judgment in the arrangement of instrumental parts." In late 1. Verdi had completed his studies with Provesi, who declared that he had no more to teach him. At the time, Verdi had been giving singing and piano lessons to Barezzi's daughter Margherita; by 1. Verdi set his sights on Milan, then the cultural capital of northern Italy, where he applied unsuccessfully to study at the Conservatory. Barezzi made arrangements for him to become a private pupil of Vincenzo Lavigna (it), who had been maestro concertatore at La Scala, and who described Verdi's compositions as "very promising." Lavigna encouraged Verdi to take out a subscription to La Scala, where he heard Maria Malibran in operas by Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini. Verdi began making connections in the Milanese world of music that were to stand him in good stead. These included an introduction by Lavigna to an amateur choral group, the Societ. Г Filarmonica, led by Pietro Massini. Attending the Societ. Г frequently in 1. Verdi soon found himself functioning as rehearsal director (for Rossini's La cenerentola) and continuo player. It was Massini who encouraged him to write his first opera, originally titled Rocester, to a libretto by the journalist Antonio Piazza. First operas[edit]In mid- 1. Verdi sought to acquire Provesi's former post in Busseto but without success. But with Barezzi's help he did obtain the secular post of maestro di musica. He taught, gave lessons, and conducted the Philharmonic for several months before returning to Milan in early 1. By the following July, he obtained his certification from Lavigna. Eventually in 1. 83. Verdi became director of the Busseto school with a three- year contract. He married Margherita in May 1. March 1. 83. 7, she had given birth to their first child, Virginia Maria Luigia on 2. March 1. 83. 7. Icilio Romano followed on 1. July 1. 83. 8. Both the children died young, Virginia on 1. August 1. 83. 8, Ilicio on 2. October 1. 83. 9. In 1. 83. 7, the young composer asked for Massini's assistance to stage his opera in Milan. The La Scala impresario, Bartolomeo Merelli, agreed to put on Oberto (as the reworked opera was now called, with a libretto rewritten by Temistocle Solera) in November 1. It achieved a respectable 1. Merelli offered Verdi a contract for three more works. While Verdi was working on his second opera Un giorno di regno, Margherita died of encephalitis at the age of 2. Verdi adored his wife and children and was devastated by their deaths. Un giorno, a comedy, was premiered only a few months later. It was a flop and only given the one performance. Following its failure, it is claimed Verdi vowed never to compose again, but in his Sketch he recounts how Merelli persuaded him to write a new opera. Verdi was to claim that he gradually began to work on the music for Nabucco, the libretto of which had originally been rejected by the composer Otto Nicolai: "This verse today, tomorrow that, here a note, there a whole phrase, and little by little the opera was written", he later recalled. By the autumn of 1. Nabucodonosor. Well received at its first performance on 9 March 1. Nabucco underpinned Verdi's success until his retirement from the theatre, twenty- nine operas (including some revised and updated versions) later. At its revival in La Scala for the 1. Vienna, Lisbon, Barcelona, Berlin, Paris and Hamburg; in 1. New York, in 1. 85. Buenos Aires. Porter comments that "similar accounts.. Verdi's] other successful operas were disseminated."1. A period of hard work for Verdi—with the creation of twenty operas (excluding revisions and translations)—followed over the next sixteen years, culminating in Un ballo in maschera. This period was not without its frustrations and setbacks for the young composer, and he was frequently demoralised. In April 1. 84. 5, in connection with I due Foscari, he wrote: "I am happy, no matter what reception it gets, and I am utterly indifferent to everything. I cannot wait for these next three years to pass. I have to write six operas, then addio to everything." In 1. Verdi complained: "Since Nabucco, you may say, I have never had one hour of peace. Sixteen years in the galleys."After the initial success of Nabucco, Verdi settled in Milan, making a number of influential acquaintances. He attended the Salotto Maffei, Countess Clara Maffei's salons in Milan, becoming her lifelong friend and correspondent. A revival of Nabucco followed in 1. La Scala where it received a run of fifty- seven performances, and this led to a commission from Merelli for a new opera for the 1. I Lombardi alla prima crociata was based on a libretto by Solera and premiered in February 1. Inevitably, comparisons were made with Nabucco; but one contemporary writer noted: "If [Nabucco] created this young man's reputation, I Lombardi served to confirm it."Verdi paid close attention to his financial contracts, making sure he was appropriately remunerated as his popularity increased. For I Lombardi and Ernani (1. Venice he was paid 1. Attila and Macbeth (1. His contracts with the publishers Ricordi in 1. He began to use his growing prosperity to invest in land near his birthplace. In 1. 84. 4 he purchased Il Pulgaro, 6. May 1. 84. 4. Later that year, he also bought the Palazzo Cavalli (now known as the Palazzo Orlandi) on the via Roma, Busseto's main street. In May 1. 84. 8, Verdi signed a contract for land and houses at Sant'Agata in Busseto, which had once belonged to his family. It was here he built his own house, completed in 1. Villa Verdi, where he lived from 1. In March 1. 84. 3, Verdi visited Vienna (where Gaetano Donizetti was musical director) to oversee a production of Nabucco. The older composer, recognising Verdi's talent, noted in a letter of January 1. I am very, very happy to give way to people of talent like Verdi.. Nothing will prevent the good Verdi from soon reaching one of the most honourable positions in the cohort of composers." Verdi travelled on to Parma, where the Teatro Regio di Parma was producing Nabucco with Strepponi in the cast. For Verdi the performances were a personal triumph in his native region, especially as his father, Carlo, attended the first performance. Verdi remained in Parma for some weeks beyond his intended departure date. This fuelled speculation that the delay was due to Strepponi (who stated that their relationship began in 1. Strepponi was in fact known for her amorous relationships (and many illegitimate children) and her history was an awkward factor in their relationship until they eventually agreed on marriage. After successful stagings of Nabucco in Venice (with twenty- five performances in the 1. Verdi began negotiations with the impresario of La Fenice to stage I Lombardi, and to write a new opera. Eventually, Victor Hugo's Hernani was chosen, with Francesco Maria Piave as librettist. Ernani was successfully premiered in 1. Italy, and also in Vienna. The writer Andrew Porter notes that for the next ten years, Verdi's life "reads like a travel diary – a timetable of visits.. La Scala premiered none of these new works, except for Giovanna d'Arco. Verdi "never forgave the Milanese for their reception of Un giorno di regno."During this period, Verdi began to work more consistently with his librettists. He relied on Piave again for I due Foscari, performed in Rome in November 1. Solera once more for Giovanna d'Arco, at La Scala in February 1. August that year he was able to work with Salvadore Cammarano on Alzira for the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples. Solera and Piave worked together on Attila for La Fenice (March 1. In April 1. 84. 4, Verdi took on Emanuele Muzio, eight years his junior, as a pupil and amanuensis. He had known him since about 1. Barezzi's prot. Г©g. Г©s. Muzio, who in fact was Verdi's only pupil, became indispensable to the composer. He reported to Barezzi that Verdi "has a breadth of spirit, of generosity, a wisdom." In November 1. Muzio wrote of Verdi: "If you could see us, I seem more like a friend, rather than his pupil. We are always together at dinner, in the cafes, when we play cards..; all in all, he doesn't go anywhere without me at his side; in the house we have a big table and we both write there together, and so I always have his advice." Muzio was to remain associated with Verdi, assisting in the preparation of scores and transcriptions, and later conducting many of his works in their premiere performances in the USA and elsewhere outside Italy. He was chosen by Verdi as one of the executors of his will, but predeceased the composer in 1. After a period of illness Verdi began work on Macbeth in September 1. He dedicated the opera to Barezzi: "I have long intended to dedicate an opera to you, as you have been a father, a benefactor and a friend for me. It was a duty I should have fulfilled sooner if imperious circumstances had not prevented me. Now, I send you Macbeth, which I prize above all my other operas, and therefore deem worthier to present to you." In 1. Martin Chusid wrote that Macbeth was the only one of Verdi's operas of his "early period" to remain regularly in the international repertoire, although in the 2. Nabucco has also entered the lists.[4. Strepponi's voice declined and her engagements dried up in the 1. Milan whilst retaining contact with Verdi as his "supporter, promoter, unofficial adviser, and occasional secretary" until she decided to move to Paris in October 1. Before she left Verdi gave her a letter that pledged his love. On the envelope, Strepponi wrote: "5 or 6 October 1. They shall lay this letter on my heart when they bury me."Verdi had completed I masnadieri for London by May 1. This he left until the opera was in rehearsal, since he wanted to hear "la [Jenny] Lind and modify her role to suit her more exactly." Verdi agreed to conduct the premiere on 2. July 1. 84. 7 at Her Majesty's Theatre, as well as the second performance. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert attended the first performance, and for the most part, the press was generous in its praise. For the next two years, except for two visits to Italy during periods of political unrest, Verdi was based in Paris. Within a week of returning to Paris in July 1. Paris Op. Г©ra. Verdi agreed to adapt I Lombardi to a new French libretto; the result was JГ©rusalem, which contained significant changes to the music and structure of the work (including an extensive ballet scene) to meet Parisian expectations. Verdi was awarded the Order of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.[n 1] To satisfy his contracts with the publisher Francesco Lucca (it), Verdi dashed off Il Corsaro. Budden comments "In no other opera of his does Verdi appear to have taken so little interest before it was staged."On hearing the news of the "Cinque Giornate", the "Five Days" of street fighting that took place between 1. March 1. 84. 8 and temporarily drove the Austrians out of Milan, Verdi travelled there, arriving on 5 April. He discovered that Piave was now "Citizen Piave" of the newly proclaimed Republic of San Marco. Writing a patriotic letter to him in Venice, Verdi concluded "Banish every petty municipal idea! We must all extend a fraternal hand, and Italy will yet become the first nation of the world.. I am drunk with joy! Imagine that there are no more Germans here!!"Verdi had been admonished by the poet Giuseppe Giusti for turning away from patriotic subjects, the poet pleading with him to "do what you can to nourish the [sorrow of the Italian people], to strengthen it, and direct it to its goal." Cammarano suggested adapting Joseph MГ©ry's 1. La Bataille de Toulouse, which he described as a story "that should stir every man with an Italian soul in his breast". The premiere was set for late January 1. Verdi travelled to Rome before the end of 1. He found that city on the verge of becoming a (short- lived) republic, which commenced within days of La battaglia di Legnano's enthusiastically received premiere. In the spirit of the time were the tenor hero's final words, "Whoever dies for the fatherland cannot be evil- minded". Verdi had intended to return to Italy in early 1. Strepponi. Verdi and Strepponi left Paris in July 1. Verdi went directly to Busseto to continue work on completing his latest opera, Luisa Miller, for a production in Naples later in the year. Fame[edit]. Villa Verdi at Sant'Agata, as it looked between 1. Verdi was committed to the publisher Giovanni Ricordi for an opera—which became Stiffelio—for Trieste in the Spring of 1. La Fenice, developed a libretto with Piave and wrote the music for Rigoletto (based on Victor Hugo's Le roi s'amuse) for Venice in March 1. This was the first of a sequence of three operas (followed by Il trovatore and La traviata) which were to cement his fame as a master of opera. The failure of Stiffelio (attributable not least to the censors of the time taking offence at the taboo subject of the supposed adultery of a clergyman's wife and interfering with the text and roles) incited Verdi to take pains to rework it, although even in the completely recycled version of Aroldo (1. Rigoletto, with its intended murder of royalty, and its sordid attributes, also upset the censors. Verdi would not compromise: What does the sack matter to the police? Are they worried about the effect it will produce?. Do they think they know better than I?. I see the hero has been made no longer ugly and hunchbacked!! Why? A singing hunchback.. I think it splendid to show this character as outwardly deformed and ridiculous, and inwardly passionate and full of love. I chose the subject for these very qualities.. I can no longer set it to music. Verdi substituted a Duke for the King, and the public response and subsequent success of the opera all over Italy and Europe fully vindicated the composer. Aware that the melody of the Duke's song "La donna ГЁ mobile" ("Woman is fickle") would become a popular hit, Verdi excluded it from orchestral rehearsals for the opera, and rehearsed the tenor separately.[n 2]. Giuseppina Strepponi, c. For several months Verdi was preoccupied with family matters. These stemmed from the way in which the citizens of Busseto were treating Giuseppina Strepponi, with whom he was living openly in an unmarried relationship. She was shunned in the town and at church, and while Verdi appeared indifferent, she was certainly not. Furthermore, Verdi was concerned about the administration of his newly acquired property at Sant'Agata. |
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